IELTS Basic - Reading - Lesson 6
1. 19th century
Para: 2
Keywords: tourism, Arctic, began
Annual figures for the Arctic, where toursim has existed since the 19th century
2. 1.5 million
Para: 2
Keywords: these days, over, people, travel, there, ship
… have increased from about a milion in the early 1990s to more than 1.5 million today
3. Greenland
Para: 3
Keywords: country, greatest increase, visitors
Greenland has seen the most rapid growth in marine tourism
4. summer (season)
Para: 2
Keywords: tourism, expanded, Arctic, because, lasts longer, used to be
... have increased from about a milion in the early 1990s to more than 1.5 million today. This is partly because of the lengthening summer season…
5. 17 percent
Para: 4
Keywords: Antarctic, fallen, past year
… Antarctic - last season saw a drop of 17 percent …
6. helicopters
Para: 4
Keywords: more people, small planes, land on ice
more people than ever are landing at fragile sites, with light aircraft, helicopters…
7. 800
Para: 4
Keywords: aircraft, taking visitors, huge ships, hold, tourists
large cruise ships capable of carrying up to 800 passengers
8. D
Last para
Keywords: some tourists, shoud not delay, trip, poles
There’s an element of “do it now”
9. B
Para 7
Keywords: some dangers, Antarctica
Toursim in Antarctica is not without its risks
10. C
Para: 8
Keywords: famous people, travelled, polar regions, look at, impacts, global warming
However, Hillary Clinton and many other big names have been to Svalbard in the northernmost part of Norway to see the effects of climate change.
11. A
Para: 5
Keywords: some tourists, more than one trip, poles
… people who have been to the polar regions, roughly 25 percent go for a second time
12. C
Para: 8
Keywords: no evidence, visitors, hurrying, poles
So far, no surveys confirm that people are going quickly to see polar regions before they change
1 & 2. B & C
Para: C
Keywords: documentation, past weather conditions, limited, main sources, knowledge, conditions, distant past
systematic weather observations only began a few centuries ago …before records began, we have only “proxy records” reconstructed largely from tree rings and ice cores, supplemented by a few incomplete written accounts.
3. A
Para: B
Keywords: deduce, Little Ice Age, time of, rather than of consistent freezing
The Little Ice Age was far from a deep freeze, however; rather an irregular seesaw of rapid climate shifts.
4. H
Para: B
Keywords: some periods, very cold winters, others of, heavy rain
The seesaw brought cycles of intensely cold winters and easterly winds, then switched abruptly to years of heavy spring and early summer rains, mild winters, and frequent Atlantic storms.
5. G
Para: B
Keywords: no rain at all
periods of droughts, light northeasterly winds, and summer heat waves
6. C
Para: F
Keywords: Europeans, farming abroad
… with the beginning of the Modern Warm Period. There was a vast migration from Europe by land-hungry farmers and others, to which the famine caused by the Irish potato blight contributed, to North America, Australia, New Zealand, and southern Africa.
= they started farming abroad.
7. C
Para: F
Keywords: cutting down of trees, affect, climate
Millions of hectares of forest and woodland fell before the newcomers axes…triggering for the first time humanly caused global warming
8. A
Para: D
Keywords: Europeans, discovered, lands
During these three centuries, Norse voyagers from Northern Europe explored seas, settled Greenland and visited North America
9. B
Para: E
Keywords: Changes, fishing patterns
Dried cod and herring were already staples of the European fish trade, but changes in water temperature forced fishing fleets to work further offshore. The Basques, Dutch and English developed the first offshore fishing boats…
1. remote
Para: 1
Keywords: people, take a tribal tourism, visit places
Tribal tourism … involves travellers going to remote destinations
2. culture
Para: 1
Keywords: find out about the local, how people live
…staying with local people and learning about their culture and way of live
3. one / 1 percent
Para: 1
Keywords: currently, tribal tourism, accounts for, less than, tourism industry
At the moment, less than one percent of holidays are tribal tourism holidays
4. values
Para: 2
Keywords: Tribal tourism holidays, different, foreign exchange visits, because, travellers, people they meet, different
Tribal tourism is often compared with foreign exchange visits. However, a foreign exchange involves staying with people who often share the same values.
5. lifestyle
Para: 2
Keywords: Tribal tourism travellers, experience, not familiar with
Tribal tourism takes visitors to places where the lifestyle is very different from that in their home location.
6. main attraction
Para: 2
Keywords: For them, its
Those who have been on a tribal holiday explain that experiencing this lifestyle is the main attraction.
7. local population
Para: 3
Keywords: argue, do not benefit from, this kind of tourism
Not everyone is convinced that tribal tourism is a good thing, and opinions are divided. The argument is about whether or not it helps the local population, or whether it exploits them.
8. studies
Para: 3
Keywords: effects, tribal tourism, not good
Where studies have been carried out, the effects have been found to be negative.
9. B
Para: 5
Keywords: change, way, behave
However, this does not mean you can act the way you might do back home. The most important thing is to show respect, learn about, and be aware of, local customs and traditions. Always remember you're a guest.
10. D
Para: 7
Keywords: not enjoy, living, way, local people do
It’s not for everyone
11. B
Para: 5
Keywords: tribal tourism, benefits, local people
Tourists bring money to the community, which the community can invest in local projects.
12. A
Para: 4
Keywords: make, local people, do, not normally do
The statue is kept indoors, and once a year the locals bring him out and carry him around the village. However, visitors now pay money for them to bring the statue out and carry it around, while they take photographs. As a result, Maximon has lost his original meaning, and is now just another tourist attraction.
13. C
Para: 6
Keywords: learning, before, much more satisfying
…the more you know in advance, the more priceless they are
1. D
Para: F
Keywords: identity, never formed, relationships
Mead (1934) went even further: the self is essentially a social structure, and it arises in social experience…it is impossible to conceive of a self arising outside of social experience
2. B
Para: B
Keywords: awareness of self, mastery, things, people
He (Cooley) proposed that the earliest examples of this are in infant’s attempts to control physical objects, such as toys and his or her own limbs. This is followed by attempts to affect the behaviour of other people.
3. E
Para: H
Keywords: age, aggressive behaviour
In the longitudinal study of groups of three or four children, Bronson (1975) found that the intensity of the frustration and anger in their disagreements increased sharply between the ages of 1 and 2 years.
4. C
Para: C
Keywords: observing, reflection, self awareness
However, Lewis and Brooks-Gunn suggest that infants‟ developing understanding that the movements they see in the mirror are contingent on their own, leads to a growing awareness that they are distinct from other people.
5. mirror
Para: C
Keywords: effect on the world, image, move, face
young children enjoy looking in mirrors, where the movements they can see are dependent upon their own movements
6. communication
Para: D
Keywords: difficult to research, problems
Empirical investigations of the self-as-subject in young children are, however, rather scarce because of difficulties of communication: even if young infants can reflect on their experience, they certainly cannot express this aspect of the self directly.
7. ownership
Para: H
Keywords: Western, self awareness, linked
Although it may be less marked in other societies, the link between the sense of “self” and of “ownership” is a notable feature of childhood in Western societies.