Table Completion

The world's friendliest city

1. relaxed

Para: 4

Keywords: lifestyle

The study concludes that people are more helpful in cities with a more relaxed way of life such as Rio.

• way of life = lifestyle

2. money

Para: 1

Keywords: don’t have so much

cities where people have less money generally have friendlier populations

• have less = don’t have so much

3. crime

Para: 1

Keywords: reputation

Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, which is often known for its crime

• known for = reputation

4. time

Para: 4

Keywords: have little

people tend to be short of time

be short of = have little

5. strangers (para 4)

Keywords: don’t pay attention to

people tend to be short of time, so they hurry and often ignore strangers

• ignore = don’t pay attention to

Sheet glass manufacture: the float process

1. spinning

Para: 1

Keywords: method

The first successful method for making clear, flat glass involved spinning

2. (perfectly) unblemished

Para: 1

Keywords: glass remained

it stayed perfectly unblemished

• it = glass
• stayed = remained

3. labor / labour intensive

Para: 2

Keywords: slow

the process took a long time and was labour intensive

• took a long time = slow

4. thickness

Para: 2

Keywords: glass sheets, varying

This allowed glass of virtually any thickness to be made non-stop

• of virtually any = varying

5. marked

Para: 2

Keywords: 20%, rubbed away, machines, expensive

the rollers would leave both sides of the glass marked, and these would then need to be ground and polished. This part of the process rubbed away around 20 per cent of the glass, and the machines were very expensive.

The best cities in the world

1. third

Para 2:

Keywords: London, position

In third place was London

• Place = position

2. business

Para: 2

Keywords: London, advantages, excellent, opportunities

It was also seen as a very good place to do business

• Good = excellent

3. expensive

Para: 2

Keywords: London, disadvantages, very

it lost points because people believed it was an extremely expensive place to live

• extremely = very

4. friendliest

Para: 3 

Keywords: Sydney, advantages, residents

people believed it had the friendliest inhabitants

• inhabitants = residents

5. climate

Para: 3

Keywords: Sydney, advantages, most pleasant

the nicest climate

• nicest = most pleasant

6. first

Para: 4

Keywords: Paris, position

Despite problems such as the large amount of traffic, it beat other cities to first place

• Place = position

7. interesting

Para: 4

Keywords: more, other cities

people considered it to be the most interesting city

• the most interesting = more interesting than other cities

8. traffic

Para: 4

Keywords: Paris, disadvantages

Despite problems such as the large amount of traffic

• Problems = disadvantages

ARCHITECTURE - Reaching for the Sky

1. timber and stone

Para: 2 & 3

Keywords: building materials, before 18th century, traditional

But the origins of what is now generally known as modern architecture can be traced back to the social and technological changes of the 18th and 19th centuries.

Instead of using timber, stone and traditional building techniques, architects began to explore

ways of creating buildings by using the latest technology and materials …

→ according to the question, before the 18th century, building materials used were timber and stone.

2. Modernism

Para: 4

Keywords: 1920s, introduction, steel, glass and concrete

By the 1920s architects throughout Europe were reacting against the conditions created by industrialisation. A new style of architecture emerged to reflect more idealistic notions for the future. It was made possible by new materials and construction techniques and was known as Modernism.

• Introduction = A new style
• steel, glass and concrete = new materials and construction techniques

3. International style

Para: 5

Keywords: 1930s – 1950s, geometric forms

By the 1930s many buildings emerging from this movement were designed in the International Style. This was largely characterised by the bold use of new materials and simple, geometric forms, …. By the 1950s, the International Style had developed into a universal approach to building, which standardised the appearance of new buildings in cities across the world.

4. badly designed buildings//multi-storey housing//mass-produced, low-cost high-rises

Para: 7 & 8

Keywords: 1960s, decline of Modernism, pre-fabricated sections

The rediscovery of quick-and-easy-to-handle reinforced concrete and an improved ability to prefabricate building sections meant that builders could meet the budgets of commissioning authorities and handle a renewed demand for development quickly and cheaply. But this led to many badly designed buildings, which discredited the original aims of Modernism.

Influenced by Le Corbusier's ideas on town planning, every large British city built multi-storey housing estates in the 1960s. Mass-produced, low-cost high-rises seemed to offer a solution to the problem of housing a growing inner-city population.

• decline of Modernism = But this led to many badly designed buildings, which discredited the original aims of Modernism
• pre-fabricated sections = prefabricate building sections

5. preservation

Para: 9 (preserving)

Note to Teacher: The answer is "preservation", but the word in the passage is "preseving". You can explain to your students that this specific bit of material is a little dated. Make sure they understand that answers must be taken directly from the given text.

Keywords: 1970s, end of Modernist era, historic buildings

by the 1970s, a new respect for the place of buildings within the existing townscape arose. preserving historic buildings or keeping only their facades (or fronts) grew common.

→ during the 1970s, people began to preserve historic buildings ending the modernist era.

→ the answer is preservation (to be grammatically accurate)

6. High-Tech

Para: 9

Keywords: 1970s, beginning, metal and glass

By the 1970s, …. Architects also began to make more use of building styles and materials that were traditional to the area. The architectural style usually referred to as High Tech was also emerging.

7. co-existence of styles//different styles together//styles mixed

Para: 10

Keywords: 1980s, Post-Modernism

By the 1980s the coexistence of different styles of architecture in the same building became known as Post Modern.